Honeybees

Forthcoming research in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry analyzes the physiological effects of three separate pesticides on honey bees (Apis mellifera). An international research team ¬- Drs. Stephan Caravalho, Luc Belzunces and colleagues from Universidade Federal de Lavras in Brazil and Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique in France - concludes that the absence of mortality does not always indicate functional integrity. Deltamethrin, fipronil and spinosad, widely used pesticides in agriculture and home pest control, were applied to healthy honeybees and proved toxic to some degree irrespective of dosage. At sublethal doses, the pesticides modulated key enzymes that regulate physiological processes, cognitive capacities and immune responses, such as homing flight, associative learning, foraging behavior and brood development. Sensitivity to these insecticides and foraging range (as far as 1.5 to 3 km) make A. mellifera an optimal candidate for monitoring the environmental impacts of pesticides.

"Aan de ene kant is het goed dat de Commissie eindelijk de stap zet om bijen te beschermen, aan de andere kant blijven grote delen van het probleem liggen. Voor Nederland is vooral het voorbijgaan aan gifgebruik in kassen mogelijk desastreus”, vindt Merkies. Ze vraagt zich af wat de Europese Commissie weerhoudt om een breder verbod in te stellen voor het gebruik van neonicotinoïden. Ook vindt ze het onterecht dat het verbod tijdelijk is en niet voor glastuinbouw geldt. "Onderzoek van de Europese autoriteit voor voedselveiligheid (Efsa) stelt dat bijensterfte door gifgebruik in kassen niet aan de orde is. Maar daarmee wordt niet gekeken naar de gevolgen van lozing. Veel van de gifstoffen die in het oppervlaktewater zijn geraakt, komen daar via lozingen door kassen”, zegt Merkies. De politica heeft vragen gesteld, waarbij ze onder andere wil weten waarom toepassingen zoals grondbehandeling voor pootaardappelen en zaadbehandeling bij bietenzaad niet aan banden worden gelegd. Ook wil ze welke maatregelen de Commissie neemt om de schade die is ontstaan aan de bijenstand te herstellen.

There is now compelling evidence of a reduction of pollinator richness and density at a global scale. In this opinion article, we argue that such pollinator decline intensifies pollen limitation and reduces plant reproductive success, threatening natural populations of extinction. We use genetic architecture and selection experiments on floral traits and evaluate the potential for plant reproductive strategies to adapt rapidly to new pollination environments. We propose that plant reproductive strategies could adapt to the current pollinator decline by decreasing or increasing their reliance to pollinators, for example, increasing autonomous selfing or reinforcing interactions with pollinators. We further discuss if and how adaptation of plant reproductive strategies can buffer the demographic consequences of pollinator decline, and possibly rescue plant populations from extinction.

There is mounting evidence of pollinator decline all over the world and consequences in many agricultural areas could be significant. We assessed these consequences by measuring 1) the contribution of insect pollination to the world agricultural output economic value, and 2) the vulnerability of world agriculture in the face of pollinator decline. We used a bioeconomic approach, which integrated the production dependence ratio on pollinators, for the 100 crops used directly for human food worldwide as listed by FAO. The total economic value of pollination worldwide amounted to €153 billion, which represented 9.5% of the value of the world agricultural production used for human food in 2005. In terms of welfare, the consumer surplus loss was estimated between €190 and €310 billion based upon average price elasticities of − 1.5 to − 0.8, respectively. Vegetables and fruits were the leading crop categories in value of insect pollination with about €50 billion each, followed by edible oil crops, stimulants, nuts and spices.

Dear Mr. President,
We write to highlight a very important concern: the negative environmental and economic impacts of outdoor uses of the EPA-approved neonicotinoid insecticides: imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinetofuran and acetamiprid. On April 29, the European Union voted for a two-year suspension on major uses of the three most common neonicotinoids: imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. The decision came on the heels of comprehensive, peer-reviewed research conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which indicated that those three insecticides pose both acute and chronic hazards to honey bees and that significant gaps exist in the data needed to assess their safety. The EU decision signals the way forward for your Administration to suspend neonicotinoids in the United States.

L’EFSA a publié un document d’orientation relatif à l’évaluation des risques potentiels associés à l’utilisation de pesticides pour les abeilles communes, les bourdons et les abeilles solitaires. Le système précédent de l’UE en matière d’évaluation des risques pour les abeilles ne prenait pas entièrement en considération les risques associés à l’exposition chronique ou répétée aux pesticides, ni les risques potentiels pour les larves. Ce nouveau document d’orientation comble ces lacunes et prévoit également un système d’évaluation pour les bourdons et les abeilles solitaires. Il propose aussi une nouvelle méthode pour estimer si le préjudice potentiel pour les abeilles associé à l’utilisation d’un produit phytopharmaceutique est acceptable. Le document d’orientation de l’EFSA constitue une source de conseils actualisés à destination des acteurs impliqués dans l’évaluation des pesticides, notamment le secteur de l’industrie et les autorités publiques.

An export from US EPA OPP Ecological Toxicity database (distinct from EcoTox, and based on data submitted by registrants) with LD50 values for all registered pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) for which there are data (attached). This database hasn't been updated by the IPM Centers (who host it) since 2011, so the new ones are missing, but you can get a feel for the numbers of pesticides that fall in the category of highly acutely toxic.

A new review of insect pollinators of crops and wild plants has concluded they are under threat globally from a cocktail of multiple pressures, and their decline or loss could have profound environmental, human health and economic consequences. Globally, insects provide pollination services to about 75% of crop species and enable reproduction in up to 94% of wild flowering plants. Pollination services provided by insects each year worldwide are valued at over US$200 billion. The review, published on 22nd April 2013 in the scientific journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, was carried out by an international team of 40 scientists from 27 institutions involved in the UK's Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI), a £10m research programme investigating the causes and consequences of pollinator decline. Dr Adam Vanbergen, from the UK's Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) and science coordinator of the IPI, led the review. He said, "There is no single smoking gun behind pollinator declines; instead there is a cocktail of multiple pressures that can combine to threaten these insects. For example, the loss of food resources in intensively farmed landscapes, pesticides and diseases are individually important threats, but are also likely to combine and exacerbate the negative impacts on pollinators."

L’Union Européenne a ajouté un pesticide fabriqué par la compagnie de produits chimiques allemande BASF à sa liste noire de substances soupçonnées de jouer un rôle dans le déclin des populations d’abeille dans le monde. Les gouvernements membres de l’Union Européenne ont interdit l’utilisation de l’insecticide agricole fipronil pour traiter le maïs et les graines de tournesol, d’après ce qu’a indiqué la Commission Européenne. Les restrictions prendront effet à compter du 31 Décembre 2013, mais les graines qui ont déjà commencé à être traitées peuvent être plantées jusqu’à la fin du mois de Février 2014.

Het tijdelijk verbod gaat in vanaf 31 december. Zo is vandaag beslist in Brussel. Eerder stelde de EU al een tijdelijk verbod in voor het gebruik van drie zogenoemde neonicotinoïden bij de teelt van mais, zonnebloem, koolzaad en katoen. Het verbod moet de slinkende bijenpopulatie beschermen. Fipronil mag wel gebruikt worden bij de teelt van uien, prei en koolsoorten, zoals spruiten en broccoli, maar niet bij het kweken van zonnebloem of maïs. Vanaf 31 december zal het in heel de Europese Unie verboden zijn om de pesticide fipronil te gebruiken. Experten van de 28 lidstaten keurden een voorstel van de Commissie daarover goed, nadat een studie in het voorjaar had uitgewezen dat fipronil een acuut gevaar inhoudt voor de bijenpopulatie.