Indirect effects of pesticides, operating through the food chain, have been proposed as a possible causal factor in the decline of farmland birds. To demonstrate such a link, evidence is needed of (1) an effect of food abundance on breeding performance or survival; (2) an effect of breeding performance or survival on population change; and (3) pesticide effects on food resources, sufficient to reduce breeding performance or survival, and hence to affect the rate of population change.
Authors: ND Boatman et al (2004), Ibis 146, 131-143
http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Boatman2004EffectOfPesticides.pdf
Farmland birds:
http://www.northtyneside.gov.uk/pls/portal/NTC_PSCM.PSCM_Web.download?p…
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