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The European Commission said, on 19 March, that it would refer its proposal for a ban on the use of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiametoxam) on crops attractive to honeybees to the Appeal Committee after an inconclusive vote in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health last week (see Europolitics4608). Announcing the Commission’s decision at the Agriculture Council, Health and Consumer Policy Commissioner Tonio Borg pledged to do his utmost to “find solutions that command the widest possible support”. “The health of our bees is of paramount importance – we have a duty to take proportionate yet decisive action to protect them wherever appropriate,” he added, reiterating his determination to receive qualified majority support at the Appeal Committee for his proposal. “The Commission still envisages to have measures in place by 1 July 2013,” Borg’s services said in a separate statement. No date of the vote in the Appeal Committee was given at this stage.

As part of a study on impacts from the world’s most widely used class of insecticides, nicotine-like chemicals called neonicotinoids, American Bird Conservancy (ABC) has called for a ban on their use as seed treatments and for the suspension of all applications pending an independent review of the products’ effects on birds, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and other wildlife. “It is clear that these chemicals have the potential to affect entire food chains. The environmental persistence of the neonicotinoids, their propensity for runoff and for groundwater infiltration, and their cumulative and largely irreversible mode of action in invertebrates raise significant environmental concerns,” said Cynthia Palmer, co-author of the report and Pesticides Program Manager for ABC, one of the nation’s leading bird conservation organizations. ABC commissioned world renowned environmental toxicologist Dr. Pierre Mineau to conduct the research. The 100-page report (attached), “The Impact of the Nation’s Most Widely Used Insecticides on Birds,” reviews 200 studies on neonicotinoids including industry research obtained through the US Freedom of Information Act. The report evaluates the toxicological risk to birds and aquatic systems and includes extensive comparisons with the older pesticides that the neonicotinoids have replaced. The assessment concludes that the neonicotinoids are lethal to birds and to the aquatic systems on which they depend.

In the past decade, many studies have implicated a class of pesticides known as “neonicotinoids” in the declines of pollinator populations, including bumble bees and honey bees. The toxic impact that these chemicals may be having on bees and other insects has brought them the most attention recently, and rightly so; one-third of the U.S. diet depends on pollinator services and they contribute over $15 billion to the U.S. agricultural economy. Pollinator losses represent a serious threat to the agricultural industry and our nation’s food security. First introduced in the 1990s in response to widespread pest resistance as well as public health objections to older pesticides, the neonicotinoid class of insecticides are now the most widely used insecticides in the world; it is difficult to find pest control commodities that do not contain one or several of these chemicals. The environmental persistence of neonicotinoids, their propensity for runoff and for groundwater infiltration, and their cumulative effects on invertebrates raise environmental concerns that go well beyond bees. A new American Bird Conservancy commissioned report by toxicologist Pierre Mineau reviews the effects on avian species and on the aquatic systems on which they depend. Larger ecosystem impacts and the relationship between neonicotinoids and alarming declines of birds, bees, and other organisms will be addressed.

The butterfly population in the Netherlands declined further in 2012 and has currently reached the lowest level during the past twenty years. The number of butterflies requiring a grassland habitat has dropped dramatically in agricultural areas. Not only many rare butterfly species, but also many common species have struggled to survive in recent years, but 2012 was an exceptionally bad year butterfly-wise. The butterfly population shrank to the lowest level since 1992. Rare species like the large chequered skipper and the tree grayling are doing very poorly, but more common species like the peacock butterfly and the large white are not doing well either. The situation for butterfly species in the past commonly found in grasslands has deteriorated dramatically. The population of so-called ‘farmland butterflies’ was reduced to one quarter compared to 1992. The small skipper seems to have vanished from agricultural areas; the wall brown is no longer found in many parts of the Netherlands. Just over half of all butterfly species found in the Netherlands are severely in decline compared to 1992; one quarter of species are seriously under threat.

Dinetofuran (DNT), imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (THM) are among the neonicotinoid insecticides widely used for managing insect pests of agricultural and veterinary importance. Environmental occurrence of neonicotinoid in post-application scenario poses unknown issues to human health and ecology. A sorption kinetic study provides much needed information on physico-chemical interaction of neonicotinoid with soil material. In this research study, time-dependent sorption behavior of DNT, IMD and THM in vineyard soil was studied. Sorption kinetics studies were conducted over a period of 96 hours with sampling duration varying from 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 60 and 96 hours. All three neonicotinoids exhibited very low sorption potential for the soil investigated. Overall percent sorption for all three neonicotinoids was below 20.04 ± 2.03% with highest percent sorption being observed for IMD followed by DNT and THM. All three neonicotinoids are highly soluble with solubility increasing with IMD < THM < DNT. Although, DNT has the highest solubility among all three neonicotinoids investigated, it exhibited higher percent sorption compared to THM, indicating factors other than solubility influenced the sorption kinetics. Low sorption potential of neonicotinoids indicates greater leaching potential with regard to groundwater and surface water contamination.

Eight national non-profit organizations concerned with the environment, food safety, children’s health, bee and bird conservation, and pesticide management, sent two letters calling on the Environmental Protection Agency to halt the approval process for a new insecticide called Sulfoxaflor that would be used on various vegetables, fruits, soybeans, wheat and turfgrass. The letters were sent to EPA on Tuesday, Feb. 12. “The combination of water solubility, persistence, and toxicity (especially to bees and pollinators) is particularly concerning because compounds with these same characteristics have shown adverse effects to non-target species,” said the letter from the Center for Food Safety, the Pesticide Action Network, American Bird Conservancy and Friends of the Earth. The two letters were sent to EPA in response to the agency’s January 14 proposed “conditional registration” of the new insecticide. Sulfoxaflor is characterized by its long environmental persistence (over a year in some conditions) and by its high potential for surface and ground water contamination. The groups cited Sulfoxaflor’s toxicity to honey bees and to saltwater invertebrates, as well as concerns with respect to birds and other organisms.

Wild bees, butterflies, flies, beetles and other wild insects play a key role in pollination and hence in food production, a new study of 41 crops in 600 fields across the world shows. Till now, the general perception was that honey-bees - that is, domesticated bees - are the only crucial pollinator that is suffering a decline. But this study published in the scientific journal Science upturns current wisdom. The study found that wild pollinators were twice as effective as honeybees in pollinating crops like oilseed rape, coffee, onions, almonds, tomatoes and strawberries. "We found that in landscapes with lower diversity and lower abundance of wild insects, the crops set less seeds and less fruit," said Lucas Garibaldi of the National University in Rio Negro, Argentina, who led the 46-member scientific team. "We know wild insects are declining so we need to start focusing on them. Without such changes, the ongoing loss is destined to compromise agricultural yields worldwide."

New Jersey’s two venomous snakes, the timber rattlesnake and northern copperhead, have been persecuted by four centuries of human habitation. Now a spreading fungal infection poses a new threat. Chrysosporium, a common fungus, was initially reported some 15 years ago in reptiles in Canada. It has now reached New Jersey. This fungus was initially thought to target only rattlesnakes, but it was confirmed during the winter of 2010-11 in our state’s rare northern copperhead. Since 2011, a state biologist and volunteers have observed multiple timber rattlesnakes, black rat snakes, black racers and eastern garter snakes with symptoms representative of the Chrysosporium fungal dermatitis. Preliminary tests on a black rat snake and a black racer showed the same fungus. Symptoms include deformed, misshapen or damaged facial pit organs in rattlesnakes and copperheads, and necrotic facial tissue, facial lesions, and deformed or damaged eyes, nostrils and mouths in all snake species. The infection eventually leads to emaciation and death. The fungal spores are transferable within snake populations when snakes interact during mating, fighting, or when they congregate to sun or den. In addition, it’s present in the air and soil. People can transmit the fungal spores on their boots, pants and day packs.

The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is synonymous with Kiwi summers, but experts are concerned the iconic orange insect has failed to return to NZ gardens in the usual numbers this year.
Butterfly researchers are gathering in Auckland next month to figure out what has happened to the population of native butterflies usually seen en masse nationwide. "We've heard from many monarch lovers in Canterbury and Otago that the monarchs haven't returned this summer - and it's something that's got us baffled," says Jacqui Knight, secretary of the Monarch Butterfly NZ Trust. "Monarchs are an indicator species, telling us a lot about how other insects are going, and this is something to watch closely as we need our insects." The conference, at Unitech on March 16 and 17, will also discuss some of New Zealand's less visible species and ways they can be encouraged into an urban garden.

A study recently published in the journal ‘Biological Conservation’ has highlighted the perilous state many reptiles are in. The study was the result of collaboration between scientists at the Zoological Society of London and experts from the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Over 200 experts assessed a random selection of 1,500 species (out of a total of 9,084 known species), representing each group of global reptilian diversity. In total, 19% of all reptile species are threatened with extinction. Of this total, 12% are Critically Endangered, 41% are Endangered, and 47% are Vulnerable (in order of magnitude of danger, as categorised by the IUCN). Also, 7% of reptiles are in the Near Threatened category, meaning that they are likely to become threatened in the near future. Reptiles play vital roles in the functioning of ecosystems: as predators they control their prey populations, and as prey themselves they provide a vital food source for birds and mammals. They serve as useful biological indicators for the health of their environment.