English

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) has experienced a decline of up to 98% in the Glasgow area over the past 40 years. The small bird’s numbers have declined across the UK by about 70% since the late 1970s, and is categorised on the IUCN red list as having a “decreasing population”. RSPB Scotland and University of Glasgow researchers believe that changing urban landscapes and insufficient food are among the causes. The population is particularly suffering in city centres such as Edinburgh and London where it fell by 60% between 1994 and 2004.

ONE of the many pleasures of living in the Yorkshire Dales area is the arrival of Europe’s largest wader bird, the curlew. This exotic-looking visitor is one of the most recognised birds in UK, found in upland and coastal habitats. The curlew’s most distinctive feature is the long down-curving bill (the first part of its Latin name ‘Numenius Arquata’ translates as crescent moon), that it uses to probe the ground for worms and insects. Before you see your first curlew of the season, you will probably hear their distinctive bleating call that gives the bird its common name. The Yorkshire Dales and surrounding areas is home to around 4,000 breeding pairs. This accounts for about six per cent of the total 68,000 pairs breeding in the UK each summer. It came as a shock then, to discover that the curlew has recently been identified as one of the UK’s most rapidly declining breeding bird species. The British Trust for Ornithology have launched a Curlew Appeal to identify the causes of these declines.

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name “Roundup”) was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans.” In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In agroecosystems worldwide, bats are voracious predators of crop pests and may provide services to farmers worth billions of U.S. dollars. However, such valuations make untested assumptions about the ecological effect of bats in agroecosystems. Specifically, estimates of the value of pest suppression services assume bats consume sufficient numbers of crop pests to affect impact pest reproduction and subsequent damage to crops. Corn is an essential crop for farmers, and is grown on more than 150 million hectares worldwide. Using large exclosures in corn fields, we show that bats exert sufficient pressure on crop pests to suppress larval densities and damage in this cosmopolitan crop. In addition, we show that bats suppress pest-associated fungal growth and mycotoxin in corn. We estimate the suppression of herbivory by insectivorous bats is worth more than 1 billion USD globally on this crop alone, and bats may further benefit farmers by indirectly suppressing pest-associated fungal growth and toxic compounds on corn. Bats face a variety of threats globally, but their relevance as predators of insects in ubiquitous corn-dominated landscapes underlines the economic and ecological importance of conserving biodiversity.

An international science body tasked with tracking the ecological health of the planet has announced the findings of its first report. The review warns that the ongoing decline in the number of pollinating insects and animals threatens global crop production. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) was established in 2012, and is roughly modelled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The reponse to the pollinator report, announced on 26 February at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, may be an early sign of whether the body's influence will one day match the IPCC's political and scientific clout. Robert Watson, an environmental scientist at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, who is vice-chairman of the IPBES, says that he is confident that the assessment will have an impact. The IPBES has 124 member governments, and its pollinator assessment went through two rounds of external peer review. And just as with the IPCC’s climate reports, the assessment was debated word for word, Watson says. “The fact that all governments requested this document really bodes well that they will use the results,” he says. But Dave Goulson, a bee researcher at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK, says: “I would question whether any practical on-the-ground action to help pollinators will happen as a result of this document. We are in the midst of the sixth global mass-extinction event, and we sit around spending thousands of hours writing documents about biodiversity, but we do not take action to address the fundamental issues that are causing this ecological catastrophe.”

EFSA has replied to criticism of the EU assessment of glyphosate that was overseen by the Authority last year. Christopher Portier sent a letter to Vytenis Andriukaitis, the EU Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, in which he raised a number of objections to the process and the conclusions of EFSA’s assessment. Prof. Portier is a scientist who contributed to a report on glyphosate by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Bernhard Url, EFSA’s Executive Director, has sent a detailed reply to Prof. Portier that addresses the points raised in his letter.

Freshwater fish are the most endangered group of animals on the planet, with more than a third threatened with extinction, according to a report being compiled by British scientists. Among those at the greatest risk of dying out are several species from UK rivers and lakes including the European eel, Shetland charr and many little known fish that have become isolated in remote waterways in Wales and Scotland. Others critically endangered include types of sturgeon, which provide some of the world's most expensive caviar, and giant river dwellers such as the Mekong giant catfish and freshwater stingray, which can grow as long as 15 feet. The precarious status of the species has been revealed in interim results from the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List assessment of freshwater fish. Dr William Darwall, manager of the freshwater unit at the IUCN in Cambridge, said: "There are still some big gaps in our knowledge, but of the 5,685 species that have been assessed, 36 per cent of them are threatened." Compared to mammals, where 21 per cent are threatened, and birds, where 12 per cent are threatened, it is clear that fresh water ecosystems are among the most threatened in the world.

Attached is the third compilation of imperiled (i.e., endangered, threatened, vulnerable) plus extinct freshwater and diadromous fishes of North America prepared by the American Fisheries Society’s Endangered Species Committee. Since the last revision in 1989, imperilment of inland fishes has increased substantially. This list includes 700 extant taxa representing 133 genera and 36 families, a 92% increase over the 364 listed in 1989. The increase reflects the addition of distinct populations, previously non-imperiled fishes, and recently described or discovered taxa. Approximately 39% of described fish species of the continent are imperiled. There are 230 vulnerable, 190 threatened, and 280 endangered extant taxa, and 61 taxa presumed extinct or extirpated from nature. Of those that were imperiled in 1989, most (89%) are the same or worse in conservation status; only 6% have improved in status, and 5% were delisted for various reasons.

Consideration of insect-related ecosystem services has largely focussed on terrestrial taxa while those inhabiting freshwater have been neglected. However, freshwater insects are fundamental to processes such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. In Scotland, freshwater ecosystems cover around 2% of the land area with our lochs and rivers containing 90% of the UK’s surface freshwater. Freshwater insects can be extremely abundant and species rich. However, around 25% of freshwater invertebrate species are under threat of extinction worldwide including several Scottish species such as the Northern summer mayfly (Siphlonurus alternatus). A decline or loss of specific species and overall species richness is likely to lead to adverse effects on the delivery of services. The breakdown and decomposition of organic matter in freshwater systems is strongly dependent on specific insect groups and their abundance. Their feeding activities therefore contribute to nutrient flows and cycling. Filter-feeders such as blackflies (Diptera) improve water quality by removing microscopic particles, such as cellular algae. Net-spinning caddisfly larvae contribute to the stability of fine-gravel due to the binding of grains by silk strands. Burrowing species aerate and rework sediments further influencing biogeochemical processes. Contribution to the diets of fish is arguably the most economically important ecosystem service provided by freshwater insects and around two-thirds of their predators are fish species. However, they are important prey for a wide range of other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, mammals (e.g. bats) and birds. Freshwater insects also contribute to the survival of species higher up the food chain. For example, to fish-eating otters. The adult stages of many freshwater insects, particularly damselflies and dragonflies, consume vast quantities of midges and mosquitoes that are otherwise a nuisance to humans. Hoverflies with aquatic larvae (e.g. Eristalis species) are important pollinators. In the absence of freshwater insects, few other service providers could replicate the same level and degree of service. The most serious consequences for freshwater habitats would be a build-up of organic matter or a decline in fish size or populations with repercussions further up the food chain.

The Dwingelderveld national park is an area of nature of about 3766 ha in size. It consists of a large area of wet heath land (about 1600 ha), dry heath land and drift sands, pine, mixed and deciduous forest and some small parcels of grass- and farmland. In 1991, Sjouke van Essen completed an area covering inventory on ground beetles in the Dwingelderveld National Park. Seventeen year later, in 2008, this research was repeated in exactly the same way. Throughout the entire Dwingelderveld, especially at the areas with heather, 38 series of 5 pitfall traps were dug in, using 4% formalin-solution as a conservative. At two new locations, in an abandoned arable field, two series of pitfall traps were placed as well. These traps operated from March till October 2008. Also data collected from 3 permanent catching sites at the Dwingelderveld were incorporated. These permanent sites are already in use since the early sixties. The catching effort at the permanent sites consisted of two normal 25x25 cm can traps and one funnel trap of the same size but with a tube of formalin at the end of the funnel. Window traps were used to capture any flying ground beetles and other insects. During the above mentioned period, all ground beetles caught were determined to the level of species. For other many groups of invertebrates volunteers were found to do the same: these groups were spiders, ants, bees, bumblebees, ichneumon wasps, centipedes, millipedes, woodlice, earwigs, pseudo scorpions, different beetle species other than ground beetles, heteroptera and grasshoppers. The main research question was whether or not there had been any change in species composition and/or changes in numbers of individuals per species since 1991, 17 years ago. In 2008, 15.000 specimens distributed over 78 ground beetle species were collected. In 1991 these numbers were much higher, mounting up to almost 45.000 individuals covering 94 species.