English

The dramatic loss of honey bees is a major concern worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that neonicotinoid insecticides cause behavioural abnormalities and have proven that exposure to sublethal doses of imidacloprid during the larval stage decreases the olfactory learning ability of adults. The present study shows the effect of sublethal doses of imidacloprid on the neural development of the honey bee brain by immunolabelling synaptic units in the calyces of mushroom bodies. We found that the density of the synaptic units in the region of the calyces, which are responsible for olfactory and visual functions, decreased after being exposed to a sublethal dose of imidacloprid. This not only links a decrease in olfactory learning ability to abnormal neural connectivity but also provides evidence that imidacloprid damages the development of the nervous system in regions responsible for both olfaction and vision during the larval stage of the honey bee.

Insecticides can be an important tool for producers to use in times of emergency to prevent a pest from economically damaging crops. To understand the broad implications of current insect management practices let’s focus for a moment on one insecticide application method in one crop: foliar sprays in oilseed sunflowers. Sunflowers are an “entomophilous” (insect loving) crop, offering a multitude of resources to a diverse assortment of insects. This diversity and abundance of critters visiting a sunflower include a number of pests that often are the targets of insecticidal sprays. In a recent study of South Dakota sunflower fields, foliar insect densities were found to be more than 290,000 individuals per acre, not including any surface-dwelling or below-ground organisms. If a producer decides to use an insecticide spray on a 100-acre sunflower field, this will end more than 29 million many-legged lives. What are the implications of suddenly losing billions of insects across an entire farm landscape?

In its first scientific risk assessment of the much-debated class of pesticides called neonicotinoids and how they affect bees on a chronic long-term basis, the EPA found in some cases the chemical didn't harm bees or their hives but in other cases it posed a significant risk. It mostly depended on the crop, a nuanced answer that neither clears the way for an outright ban nor is a blanket go-ahead for continued use. Before acting, EPA said it needed more specific and targeted research and this is the first of four planned assessments of risk of specific neonicotinoids. It will be announced Wednesday, but The Associated Press obtained the summary earlier and the chief pesticide official explained the results in an interview. The study was done by the EPA and California's environmental agency, with a similar one done by Canada being released Wednesday at the same time. EPA analysis of detailed tests found a clear level of concentration of the pesticide imidacloprid, the most common neonicotinoid, in which things start to go awry. If nectar brought back to the hive from worker bees had more than 25 parts per billion of the chemical, "there's a significant effect," namely fewer bees, less honey and "a less robust hive," said Jim Jones, EPA's assistant administrator for chemical safety and pollution prevention. But if the nectar chemical level was below 25 parts per billion, it was as if there were no imidacloprid at all, with no ill effects, Jones said.

AFRICA is losing its vultures. Of its 11 species of the bird, 6 are at risk of extinction and 4 are critically endangered, according to a recent report by BirdLife International, a nature conservation partnership. Since the 1990s, the population of South Asia’s vulture species has collapsed by more than 99%. In 2003 scientists identified diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat livestock, as the main cause for this decline. Vultures living on the carcasses of animals recently treated with the drug died from severe kidney failure within weeks of ingesting it. This created two main problems. The first is connected to vultures' place in the ecosystem. As their numbers declined, a host of other disease-ridden animals—in particular rabied dogs—came to feed off the carcasses instead. And there was another problem. India's community of Parsees, who not cremate nor bury their dead, but rather lay them out on towers known as dokhmas for vultures to eat, found that this traditional was imperilled. In 2006 the governments of India, Pakistan and Nepal introduced a ban on the manufacture of the drug that has since seen vulture numbers in the region stabilise, though they remain vulnerable.

Scientists at Sussex University claim new research shows the impact on bees of neonicotinoid pesticides is even greater than originally feared. The researchers, at Sussex University, say they have discovered that bees are exposed to a chemical cocktail when feeding from wildflowers growing next to neonicotinoid treated crops in UK farmland. The scientists claim these chemical cocktails could make the impact of neonicotinoids up to 1,000 times more potent than previously thought. The Sussex University research, supported by the Soil Association – the organic food and farming organisation – says that pollinators consuming pollen from these crops or from nearby wildflowers will ingest a cocktail of fungicides and insecticides. It goes on: “A prior study suggests these fungicides could act synergistically, making the insecticides up to 1,000 times more deadly than they are on their own.”

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from around the world announced on December at COP21 in Paris on December 3 2015 that they will put Monsanto on trial for crimes against nature and humanity, and ecocide, in The Hague, Netherlands, next year on World Food Day, October 16, 2016. There are 10 initiators (including environmental lawyers) 23 supporting organizations and hundreds of signatories. This International Criminal Court, established in 2002 in The Hague, has determined that prosecuting ecocide as a criminal offense is the only way to guarantee the rights of humans to a healthy environment and the right of nature to be protected.
The tribunal’s website says, “According to its critics, Monsanto is able to ignore the human and environmental damage caused by its products and maintain its devastating activities through a strategy of systemic concealment: by lobbying regulatory agencies and governments, by resorting to lying and corruption, by financing fraudulent scientific studies, by pressuring independent scientists, by manipulating the press and media, etc. One of initiators is Prof Gilles-Eric Séralini of Committee for Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN ).

Here are just a few of the animals that were deemed endangered in 2015. The International Union for Conservation of Nature reclassified the Geometric Tortoise (Psammobates geometricus) as "critically endangered" in 2015. The IUCN cataloged the Splendid Toadfish (Sanopus splendidus) as endangered this year. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed both the great green macaw (Ara ambiguus) and the military macaw as endangered in an announcement made in October. The USFWS declared the Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) as an endangered species earlier this year. The USFWS announced it was adding the Honduran hummingbird (Amazilia luciae) to the endangered species list this year. The USFWS placed several species of sawfish to the endangered species list this year. The USFWS announced in September that the Slevin's skink (Emoia slevini) would be added to the endangered species list. The IUCN declared the New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri) to be endangered primarily due to "fishing-related mortality." The IUCN raised the status of the White Headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) from threatened to critically endangered in 2015. The IUCN listed the bokiboky (Mungotictis decemlineata) as endangered this year. The IUCN flagged the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) as endangered this year. The IUCN deemed the Ishikawa's Frog (Odorrana ishikawae) as an endangered species this year. The IUCN classified the the ayumodoki or Kissing Loach (Parabotia curtus), as critically endangered this year. The IUCN once feared the Mahé Boulder Cricket (Phalangacris alluaudi) to be extinct, but after a recent rediscovery, it reclassified it as critically endangered. The IUCN added the Giri Butri Cave Crab (Karstama emdi) to its critically endangered list.

About 100 California brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) made an unusual appearance on the old wooden dock on the south side of Alameda Point near the U.S.S. Hornet on December 23. The visit provided a rare close-up view of this colorful and iconic bird, but also a reminder of their struggle to survive as a species. Only one of the pelicans could be identified as a one- or two-year-old. During the past four years, the breeding rate for California brown pelicans has been dismal. This recent trend has been directly attributable to the dwindling supply of sardines along the California coast, according to a brown pelican status report issued in October by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. The sardine population has dropped so low that in April of 2015, the agency responsible for managing Pacific Coast fisheries banned commercial fishing of sardines until the end of June 2016. In May, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service urged the same agency to consider additional management measures to stave off a decline in northern anchovy, another important food source for pelicans and other marine life. Brown pelicans were removed from the federal endangered species list in 2009 with great fanfare after recovering from the devastating effects of the agricultural pesticide DDT on their eggs. But they no sooner recovered from chemical contamination than they fell victim to a plunge in food supply.

The number of waterbirds that call the eastern third of Australia home has dropped to the second lowest level on record, sounding alarm bells for the health of the wider ecosystem as drought conditions take hold. The annual aerial survey of waterways and wetlands by the University of New South Wales' Centre for Ecosystem Science found the total wetland area studied was the smallest documented, with 60 per cent of wetlands in the survey area dry. The number of breeding waterbirds was also the lowest recorded. "Waterbirds are the canary in the coalmine for the ecosystem because they track all of the processes and organisms that are difficult to track at a large scale," said Richard Kingsford, project leader and director of the Centre for Ecosystem Science. Collectively waterbirds interact with all levels of the ecosystem. Pelicans and cormorants catch fish while herons prefer frogs and smaller fish. Small wading birds such as the sharp-tailed sandpiper opt for further down the foodchain, targeting microscopic invertebrates while swans and coots graze largely on aquatic vegetation.