Hommels

Some of the most well-loved flowers of the British countryside are disappearing from arable fields, conservationists warned today. Cornflowers, corn marigolds, pheasant's eye and, in some areas, poppies are becoming increasingly threatened species in the face of more intensive agriculture, plant charity Plantlife said. Cath Shellswell, of Plantlife, said many arable plant species are struggling, with corn buttercups and cornflowers now incredibly rare, while in Wales poppies are now considered rare in some areas. 'We're more efficient at cleaning seed to take out all the seeds you wouldn't want to plant. And we tend to use more herbicides, which are there to target problem species, lots of weeds we don't want to encourage, but it also affects these flowers as well.' Many of the arable wildflowers are important for wildlife, with hoverflies relying heavily on daisy species and plants such as poppies providing an important source of pollen for bees. Arable plants also provide seed food for birds such as skylark and yellowhammer and some, such as the poppy, are culturally important.

Pestizide wurden ursprünglich als „Reaktion“ auf einen Angriff durch einen bestimmten Kultur-Schädling wie zum Beispiel Blattläusen angewendet- die vielleicht nur alle sechs Jahre aufgetreten sind. Aber systemische Pestizide werden nun „präventiv“ angewendet - auf Hunderte Millionen von Hektar als eine Art „Versicherungspolice“. Die gesamte Landschaft wird nun bewusst und permanent giftig für alle Insekten gemacht, über und unter der Erde, Jahr für Jahr. Die Toxine, die in der Kultur bis zur Ernte aktiv bleiben, überdauern dann im Boden über Jahre hinweg und werden von nachfolgenden Kulturen oder Wildblumen aufgenommen, die nun ebenfalls giftig für Bienen und Wildtiere werden. Die Behandlung von 3.000.000 Hektar Ackerland in Großbritannien mit einem tödlichen Insektizid ist jedes Jahr enorm profitabel für die beteiligten Unternehmen, aber es ist eine Katastrophe für Bienen, Schmetterlinge, Hummeln und Vögel in der Agrarlandschaft, die in dieser Beinahe-Wüste zu überleben versuchen; eine ökologische Todeszone.

A major bee conservation group in Scotland has become embroiled in a bitter row for failing to back a ban on nicotine-based pesticides blamed for killing bees. The Bumblebee Conservation Trust, based at the University of Stirling, is facing calls for the resignation of its newly-appointed chairman, Professor Michael Usher, and criticism from its founder over its cautious stance. One reason the trust has refused to support a ban is revealed in a paper agreed at the last meeting of trustees in May. "If we take an aggressive campaigning stance then we risk reputational/ relationship damage with government and, importantly, with farmers," it said.
Usher, formerly chief scientist at the Government wildlife agency Scottish Natural Heritage, was recently quoted in a gardening magazine defending the use of neonicotinoids. This has infuriated beekeepers and campaigners, who are now demanding he resign or be sacked from the bumblebee trust. In a letter to the Sunday Herald published today, two of the trust's life members and two activists from the campaign group Friends of the Bees, have warned that wildlife is facing "ecological Armageddon". If the trust fails to back a ban, it "may find its membership sliding towards extinction faster than the bumblebees", they said. The Bumblebee Conservation Trust has also come under fire from Professor Dave Goulson, a bee expert from the University of Stirling who originally founded the trust.

Natuurlijk willen we in de eerste plaats een balletje slaan, maar we willen ook een natuurrijk gebied doorkruisen met onze golftassen. We willen ook allemaal behoren tot de clubs die het goed doen met de natuur. De mogelijkheden voor wilde bijen en hommels op onze golfterreinen zijn legio. Die liggen op zandgrond, klei, löss of leem. Ze zijn geonduleerd, doorsneden met beeklopen, gegraven vijvers, bunkerranden, hellingen, bosjes, zwaar hout, muurtjes en schuilhutjes. Ze liggen in de duinen, in het bos, in de polder, in verstedelijkt gebied en waar eigenlijk niet. Dan liggen ze ook nog eens vrij regelmatig verspreid over het land. Geen zware tractoren, geen vervuiling, geen drijfmest, geen insecticiden (?), geen verschraling, een keur aan wilde planten, bloeiende heide, bloeiende bomen en gekweekte planten in de borders voor het clubhuis. Een gevarieerder natuurterrein op een kleine oppervlakte van 50 tot 100 ha kun je je nauwelijks voorstellen.

EPA has denied an emergency citizen petition filed March 20 that aimed to ban clothianidin because of the "ongoing and imminent harm" the neonicotinoid seed treatment allegedly poses to bees and other pollinators. Responding on July 17 to the emergency petition, EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Director Steven Bradbury details the multiple way in which the agency believes the petition fails to meet the various statutory and scientific hurdles that would be required for EPA to begin cancellation proceedings for clothianidin, a "widespread and common" pesticide in a class of insecticides used on 90% of total corn acreage planted in the U.S., as Bradbury writes (attached). The beekeeping community is outraged and perplexed. According to the Apiary Inspectors of America, the unsustainable honeybee losses in the USA have reached 30-33 percent. However, according to the working beekeeping community, annual losses are well over 50 percent, with many operations experiencing up to 100 percent turnover.

Outbreaks of infectious diseases in honey bees, fish, amphibians, bats and birds in the past two decades have coincided with the increasing use of systemic insecticides, notably the neonicotinoids and fipronil. A link between insecticides and such diseases is hypothesised. Firstly, the disease outbreaks started in countries and regions where systemic insecticides were used for the first time, and later they spread to other countries. Secondly, recent evidence of immune suppression in bees and fish caused by neonicotinoids has provided an important clue to understand the sub-lethal impact of these insecticides not only on these organisms, but probably on other wildlife affected by emerging infectious diseases. While this is occurring, environmental authorities in developed countries ignore the calls of apiarists (who are most affected) and do not target neonicotinoids in their regular monitoring schedules. Equally, scientists looking for answers to the problem are unaware of the new threat that systemic insecticides have introduced in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Après l'annonce d'une probable interdiction du Cruiser OSR utilisé en enrobage de semence du colza, faite durant les élections présidentielles, la LPO se réjouit de constater que Le Ministre de l'Agriculture, Stéphane Le Foll, ait annoncé le 29 juin le retrait de son autorisation de mise sur le marché. Cependant, la LPO rappelle que la matière active concernée est le Thiaméthoxame (Cruiser), substance appartenant à la famille des néonicotinoïdes, tout comme l'imidaclopride (Gaucho). La LPO regrette en conséquence que ce ne soit pas la famille des néonicotinoïdes, présentant une toxicité semblable, qui soit en totalité retirée du marché. L'imidaclopride, par exemple, possède une toxicité équivalente à 7297 fois celle du DDT interdit en 1972 ! On trouvera par ailleurs, ci-joint, la carte de la contamination des eaux de surface par cette molécule.

There has been recent interest in the threat to bees posed by the use of systemic insecticides. One concern is that systemic insecticides may translocate from the soil into pollen and nectar of plants, where they would be ingested by pollinators. This paper reports on the movement of two such systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, into the pollen and nectar of flowers of squash (Cucurbita pepo cultivars “Multipik,” “Sunray” and “Bush Delicata”) when applied to soil by two methods: (1) sprayed into soil before seeding, or (2) applied through drip irrigation in a single treatment after transplant.

To determine whether environmentally realistic levels of imidacloprid are capable of making a demographic impact on bumble bees, we exposed queenless microcolonies of worker bumble bees, Bombus terrestris, to a range of dosages of dietary imidacloprid between zero and 125 μg L−1 and examined the effects on ovary development and fecundity. Microcolonies showed a dose-dependent decline in fecundity, with environmentally realistic dosages in the range of 1 μg L−1 capable of reducing brood production by one third. In contrast, ovary development was unimpaired by dietary imidacloprid except at the highest dosage. Imidacloprid reduced feeding on both syrup and pollen but, after controlling statistically for dosage, microcolonies that consumed more syrup and pollen produced more brood. We therefore speculate that the detrimental effects of imidacloprid on fecundity emerge principally from nutrient limitation imposed by the failure of individuals to feed.