Algemeen

Little research has focused on the direct effects of insecticides on plants. Here we demonstrate that applications of neonicotinoid insecticides, one of the most important insecticide classes worldwide, suppress expression of important plant defense genes, alter levels of phytohormones involved in plant defense, and decrease plant resistance to unsusceptible herbivores, spider mites Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), in multiple, distantly related crop plants. Using cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), corn (Zea mays) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, we show that transcription of phenylalanine amonia lyase, coenzyme A ligase, trypsin protease inhibitor and chitinase are suppressed and concentrations of the phytohormone OPDA and salicylic acid were altered by neonicotinoid insecticides. Consequently, the population growth of spider mites increased from 30% to over 100% on neonicotinoid-treated plants in the greenhouse and by nearly 200% in the field experiment. Our findings are important because applications of neonicotinoid insecticides have been associated with outbreaks of spider mites in several unrelated plant species. More importantly, this is the first study to document insecticide-mediated disruption of plant defenses and link it to increased population growth of a non-target herbivore. This study adds to growing evidence that bioactive agrochemicals can have unanticipated ecological effects and suggests that the direct effects of insecticides on plant defenses should be considered when the ecological costs of insecticides are evaluated.

Changes in arable farming practices have been identified as important factors in the decline of wildlife. Significant declines in the brown hare have been recorded, associated with changes in the availability of high quality food at certain times of year. Declines in the Pipistrelle Bat are in part likely to have resulted from lower abundance of insect prey in farmland. Information on the decline of arthropods in farmland habitats has been published by the Game Conservancy Trust’s Sussex Study In the Sussex study area, between 1972 and 1990, arthropods have declined by 4.2% per annum (excluding springtails and mites), with many groups of beneficial insects, such as aphid predators and game bird food items, declining at faster rates. Bee species are particularly threatened. A range of cornfield weeds, such as corn buttercup and shepherd’s-needle, have declined markedly this century, to the extent that some species are now extinct in the UK. These annual flowers are dependent on the arable ecosystem, which is characterised by regular soil cultivation. Declines in farmland birds have been identified for a number of species characteristic of arable and mixed farmland. These birds feed on seeds, invertebrates or both, sometimes at different times of year.

The 25000 playa wetlands within the Southern High Plains (SHP) of the United States of America (USA) are the dominant hydrogeomorphic feature in the region, providing habitat for numerous plants and wildlife. The SHP are among the most intensively cultivated regions; there are concerns over the degradation and/or loss of playa wetland habitat. We examined water quality in playa wetlands surrounded by both grassland and agriculture and measured water concentrations of pesticides used on cotton (acephate, trifluralin, malathion, pendimethalin, tribufos, bifenthrin, k-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam), the dominant crop in the SHP. Pesticides used on cotton were detected in water samples collected from all playas. Precipitation events and the amount of cultivation were related to pesticide concentrations in sediment and water. Our results show that pesticide concentrations were related in some circumstances to time, precipitation, and tilled-index for some but not all pesticides. We further compared measured pesticide concentrations in playas to toxicity benchmarks used by the US EPA in pesticide ecological risk assessments to obtain some insight into the potential for ecological effects. For all pesticides in water, the maximum measured concentrations exceeded at least one toxicity benchmark, while median concentrations did not exceed any benchmarks. This analysis indicates that there is a potential for adverse effects of pesticides to aquatic organisms.

Current U.S. seed laws and policy have veered far from President George Washington’s vision of seeds and farming for this country. Seed and plant patent and intellectual property (IP) schemes not only ensure that a farmer is “obliged to buy his Seeds,” but also cause hardship through loss of autonomy, harassment, and litigation for farmers throughout the U.S. and across the globe. In the last few decades, the U.S. has led a radical shift toward commercialization, consolidation, and control of seed ownership. Three agrichemical firms—Monsanto, DuPont, and Syngenta—now control 53 percent of the global commercial seed market. The top ten seed firms, with a majority stake owned by U.S. corporations, account for 73 percent. This shift has fundamentally changed farming in the U.S. Instead of continuing the historical tradition of farmers having full access to seeds that they have cultivated over centuries, agrichemical corporations now own the sine qua non of farming—indeed, the irreplaceable element of all food—seeds. This report recounts the history of seed and plant breeding and intellectual property policies in the U.S. and outlines how the current intellectual property regime has resulted in seed industry consolidation, rising seed prices, loss of germplasm diversity, and the strangling of scientific inquiry. It then documents lawsuits and threats of lawsuits by the largest agrichemical companies in the world against U.S. farmers for alleged infringement of seed patents. Finally, the report provides policy options that can help protect farmers and food resources as well as generate seed innovation and research through fair access to seeds and other resources.

In the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass at local, regional and global scales since 1899. We observe declines in eight out of ten ocean regions, and estimate a global rate of decline of approximately 1% of the global median per year. Our analyses further reveal interannual to decadal phytoplankton fluctuations superimposed on long-term trends. These fluctuations are strongly correlated with basin-scale climate indices, whereas long-term declining trends are related to increasing sea surface temperatures. We conclude that global phytoplankton concentration has declined over the past century; this decline will need to be considered in future studies of marine ecosystems, geochemical cycling, ocean circulation and fisheries.

Over biologische bloemen worden mooie verhalen verteld, maar Liesbeth Schellekens van Kwekerij Bisselingskaat houdt haar verhaal nuchter. Ondertussen teelt ze wel een product, dat ook voor bloemisten aantrekkelijk is. Want een groeiende afnemersgroep koopt graag biologische bloemen. Niet alleen omdat biologische bloemen voor de bloemist een interessante productgroep zijn, ook omdat Liesbeth Schellekens social media goed benut. "Ik ben toevallig begonnen te twitteren en ik merk, dat daardoor mijn naamsbekendheid flink is vergroot. Ik twitter bijvoorbeeld elke avond vóór ik veil, wat mijn aanbod de volgende dag is en waar ik dat veil. Het kan niet anders of dat levert klanten op, dat merk ik aan de reacties. Twitter is bovendien een mooi middel om reacties te krijgen en interessante informatie te lezen. Voor mij is het een mooi, laagdrempelig middel om te vertellen wat ik doe en waarom. Ik merk dat dat echt wordt gewaardeerd. Niet alleen heb ik een account op Twitter, ook op Facebook, Pinterest en Linkedin. Het is fijn om in contact te kunnen treden met de handel en de eindgebruiker van mijn product. Het geeft een goed gevoel te lezen dat biologische producten gewaardeerd worden. De groep mensen die vragen naar biologische bloemen wordt groter, daarvan ben ik overtuigd."

In den USA werden mehr Pestizide eingesetzt als je zuvor. Das zeigen die Zahlen der US-Umweltbehörde EPA. Und das, obwohl immer mehr gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen angebaut werden, die den Einsatz von Pestiziden verringern sollten. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der Gentechnikexperte Christoph Then in einer Studie, die er im Auftrag des grünen Europaabgeordneten Martin Häusling erstellt hat. Then widerlegt damit das Hauptargument für den Einsatz gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen.

De teelt van leliebollen moet blijvend worden geweerd uit kwetsbare gebieden in de gemeente Ommen. Dat vindt de regionale natuur- en milieuvereniging De Vechtstreek. De vereniging reageert daarmee op het verzoek van landbouworganisatie LTO aan de gemeente Ommen om het bestemmingsplan buitengebied aan te passen, zodat lelieteelt mogelijk wordt gemaakt. "Het huidige bestemmingsplan buitengebied is voorbeeldstellend voor de hele regio. Ik vind het vreemd dat geprobeerd wordt dat open te breken", zegt Hein Kuijper, voorzitter van De Vechtstreek. Ommen is in de regio een uitzondering doordat lelieteelt niet overal wordt toegestaan. In het bestemmingsplan, dat vorig jaar werd vastgesteld, is sierteelt niet mogelijk op de bestemmingen Agrarisch gebied landschappelijke openheid, Natuurgebied & recreatie en Rivierovers. Lelieteelt wordt gerekend tot sierteelt. Volgens de lokale LTO-voorzitter Albert Dankelman ten onrechte. De teelt is vergelijkbaar met akkerbouw, vindt hij. De natuurbeweging is een andere mening toegedaan, omdat bij leliebollenteelt veel bestrijdingsmiddelen worden gebruikt. "Dat is in de eerste plaats slecht voor de volksgezondheid, maar ook voor natuur en milieu", oordeelt Kuijper.

The agribusiness conglomerate DuPont has received more than 30,000 damage claims arising from its sale of a pesticide that resulted in death and injury to hundreds of thousands of evergreen trees, particularly Norway spruce and white pine. DuPont marketed the pesticide, sold under the trade name Imprelis, based on a conditional registration that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted in 2010. The active ingredient in Imprelis, aminocyclopyrachlor, is biologically active in soil and rapidly absorbed by roots and leaves. Aminocyclopyrachlor is in the chemical class of the pyrimidine carboxylic acids, which is similar to pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides that includes the herbicides aminopyralid, clopyralid and picloram. The two classes of herbicides share characteristics, including high persistence in the environment, systemic incorporation into plants and high toxicity during seedling emergence. Conditional registration is allowed under Section 3(c)(7) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act prior to the registrant submitting all statutorily required data. EPA is authorized to grant a conditional registration on the assumption that no unreasonable adverse effects on environmental and human health will result.