Algemeen

Der NABU warnt vor einem neuartigen Insektensterben mit bislang unbekannten Folgen in Deutschland. Allein in Nordrhein-Westfalen sei in den vergangenen 15 Jahren die Biomasse der Fluginsekten um bis zu 80 Prozent zurückgegangen (siehe beiliegende Veröffentlichung). Ähnlich alarmierende Entwicklungen befürchten die Naturschützer in weiteren Regionen Deutschlands und fordern, die Ursachen und das Ausmaß des Insektenschwunds bundesweit schnell aufzuklären. „Unsere Beobachtungen in Nordrhein-Westfalen sind beängstigend. Wenn uns die Fluginsekten fehlen, gerät die gesamte Nahrungskette in Gefahr: Blumen und Bäume werden nicht mehr bestäubt und Mauerseglern und Schwalben fehlt die Nahrungsgrundlage“, warnte Josef Tumbrinck, Landesvorsitzender des NABU Nordrhein-Westfalen. Er stellte am heutigen Mittwoch im Umweltausschuss des Bundestages die Untersuchungsergebnisse des Entomologischen Vereins Krefeld vor, mit dem der NABU zusammenarbeitet. Ehrenamtliche hatten zwischen 1989 und 2014 an insgesamt 88 Standorten in Nordrhein-Westfalen fliegende Insekten gesammelt, ihre Arten bestimmt und sie gewogen. „Während wir 1995 noch 1,6 Kilogramm aus den Untersuchungsfallen sammelten, sind wir heute froh, wenn es 300 Gramm sind“, so Tumbrinck. Der Rückgang von bis zu 80 Prozent beträfe unter anderem Schmetterlinge, Bienen und Schwebfliegen.

Outbreaks of infectious diseases in honey bees, fish, amphibians, bats and birds in the past two decades have coincided with the increasing use of systemic insecticides, notably the neonicotinoids and fipronil. A link between insecticides and such diseases is hypothesised. Firstly, the disease outbreaks started in countries and regions where systemic insecticides were used for the first time, and later they spread to other countries. Secondly, recent evidence of immune suppression in bees and fish caused by neonicotinoids has provided an important clue to understand the sub-lethal impact of these insecticides not only on these organisms, but probably on other wildlife affected by emerging infectious diseases. The negative impacts of pesticides, in particular insecticides, on bees and other pollinators have never been disputed. Insecticides can directly kill these vital insects, whereas herbicides reduce the diversity of their food resources, thus indirectly affecting their survival and reproduction. At sub-lethal level (bLD50), neurotoxic insecticide molecules are known to influence the cognitive abilities of bees, impairing their performance and ultimately impacting on the viability of the colonies. In addition, widespread systemic insecticides appear to have introduced indirect side effects on both honey bees and wild bumblebees, by deeply affecting their health. Immune suppression of the natural defences by neonicotinoid and phenyl-pyrazole (fipronil) insecticides opens the way to parasite infections and viral diseases, fostering their spread among individuals and among bee colonies at higher rates than under conditions of no exposure to such insecticides. This causal link between diseases and/or parasites in bees and neonicotinoids and other pesticides has eluded researchers for years because both factors are concurrent: while the former are the immediate cause of colony collapses and bee declines, the latter are a key factor contributing to the increasing negative impact of parasitic infections observed in bees in recent decades.

In Berner Flüssen und Bächen tummeln sich immer weniger Fische. So hat die Zahl der gefangenen Bachforellen und Äschen in den vergangenen 25 Jahren um über die Hälfte abgenommen, wie aus einer Auswertung der Fangstatistik des kantonalen Fischereiinspektorates hervorgeht. Seit 1989 müssen die Angler im Kanton Bern ihre Fänge in einer Statistik eintragen. Die zwei Millionen erfassten Einträge bis Ende 2013 wurden nun erstmals vertieft analysiert. Fazit: Art und Fangort der Fische haben sich in einen den vergangenen 25 Jahren stark verändert. Insgesamt ging der Fischfang in Flüssen, Bächen und Stauseen im Vergleich der Perioden 1989-1997 und 2006-2013 um 22 Prozent zurück.

Insecticides can be an important tool for producers to use in times of emergency to prevent a pest from economically damaging crops. To understand the broad implications of current insect management practices let’s focus for a moment on one insecticide application method in one crop: foliar sprays in oilseed sunflowers. Sunflowers are an “entomophilous” (insect loving) crop, offering a multitude of resources to a diverse assortment of insects. This diversity and abundance of critters visiting a sunflower include a number of pests that often are the targets of insecticidal sprays. In a recent study of South Dakota sunflower fields, foliar insect densities were found to be more than 290,000 individuals per acre, not including any surface-dwelling or below-ground organisms. If a producer decides to use an insecticide spray on a 100-acre sunflower field, this will end more than 29 million many-legged lives. What are the implications of suddenly losing billions of insects across an entire farm landscape?

Here are just a few of the animals that were deemed endangered in 2015. The International Union for Conservation of Nature reclassified the Geometric Tortoise (Psammobates geometricus) as "critically endangered" in 2015. The IUCN cataloged the Splendid Toadfish (Sanopus splendidus) as endangered this year. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed both the great green macaw (Ara ambiguus) and the military macaw as endangered in an announcement made in October. The USFWS declared the Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) as an endangered species earlier this year. The USFWS announced it was adding the Honduran hummingbird (Amazilia luciae) to the endangered species list this year. The USFWS placed several species of sawfish to the endangered species list this year. The USFWS announced in September that the Slevin's skink (Emoia slevini) would be added to the endangered species list. The IUCN declared the New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri) to be endangered primarily due to "fishing-related mortality." The IUCN raised the status of the White Headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) from threatened to critically endangered in 2015. The IUCN listed the bokiboky (Mungotictis decemlineata) as endangered this year. The IUCN flagged the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) as endangered this year. The IUCN deemed the Ishikawa's Frog (Odorrana ishikawae) as an endangered species this year. The IUCN classified the the ayumodoki or Kissing Loach (Parabotia curtus), as critically endangered this year. The IUCN once feared the Mahé Boulder Cricket (Phalangacris alluaudi) to be extinct, but after a recent rediscovery, it reclassified it as critically endangered. The IUCN added the Giri Butri Cave Crab (Karstama emdi) to its critically endangered list.

About 100 California brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) made an unusual appearance on the old wooden dock on the south side of Alameda Point near the U.S.S. Hornet on December 23. The visit provided a rare close-up view of this colorful and iconic bird, but also a reminder of their struggle to survive as a species. Only one of the pelicans could be identified as a one- or two-year-old. During the past four years, the breeding rate for California brown pelicans has been dismal. This recent trend has been directly attributable to the dwindling supply of sardines along the California coast, according to a brown pelican status report issued in October by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. The sardine population has dropped so low that in April of 2015, the agency responsible for managing Pacific Coast fisheries banned commercial fishing of sardines until the end of June 2016. In May, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service urged the same agency to consider additional management measures to stave off a decline in northern anchovy, another important food source for pelicans and other marine life. Brown pelicans were removed from the federal endangered species list in 2009 with great fanfare after recovering from the devastating effects of the agricultural pesticide DDT on their eggs. But they no sooner recovered from chemical contamination than they fell victim to a plunge in food supply.

Kröte, Natter, Käfer – besonders attraktiv wirken diese Tiere auf viele Menschen nicht. Aber nach Ansicht von Naturschützern sollten diese Arten im Freistaat besonders geschützt werden. Das gilt laut Experten des Landesbundes für Vogelschutz (LBV) vor allem für das Bodensee-Vergissmeinnicht, das weltweit nur noch an Boden- und Starnberger See vorkommt. Die Fachleute fordern: Für diese Arten müsse sich Bayern besonders einsetzen.

Marine mammal, birds, fish and reptile populations have almost halved since 1970, according to a report which is a "wake-up call" to tackle the crisis in the world's oceans. The study by conservation group WWF and the Zoological Society of London looked at how 5,829 populations of 1,234 species of marine creatures had fared in the past 45 years and found a 49% drop in numbers. Some species people rely on for food are faring even worse, such as the Scombridae family of fish which includes tuna and mackerel have fallen by almost three quarters (74%). Sea cucumbers, which are prized as luxury food in Asia, have been significantly exploited, with a 98% decline in the Galapagos and 94% drop in the Egyptian Red Sea in just a few years. Robin Freeman, head of indicators and assessments at ZSL, said: "This is a wake-up call, but it's also an opportunity. "These are populations that are smaller than they would be, and should be. They aren't recovering." Louise Heaps, chief advisor on marine policy at WWF-UK, said: "As well as being a source of extraordinary natural beauty and wonder, healthy seas are the bedrock of a functioning global economy. We are sowing the seeds of ecological and economic catastrophe."

They’re cute, they’re knee-high, they bray like donkeys and they’re a tourist attraction near Cape Town, South Africa. But African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) — the continent’s only species of the flightless bird — are at risk of extinction. In the 1930s, South Africa’s largest colony — one of many — had a million African penguins. Now, only 100,000 of the birds remain in all of South Africa and neighboring Namibia, the only places where the species exists. Anchovies and sardines are the penguin’s primary food source. Both fisheries scientists and bird specialists agree that the decline of the penguin began around 2004 with a shift in anchovies and sardines away from the colonies. Penguins must now swim farther to catch fish, leaving adults weakened. Many have died or abandoned their chicks, with hundreds winding up in the crowded outdoor pens of a rehabilitation center run by the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds.