Beleid en debat

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name “Roundup”) was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans.” In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

An international science body tasked with tracking the ecological health of the planet has announced the findings of its first report. The review warns that the ongoing decline in the number of pollinating insects and animals threatens global crop production. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) was established in 2012, and is roughly modelled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The reponse to the pollinator report, announced on 26 February at a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, may be an early sign of whether the body's influence will one day match the IPCC's political and scientific clout. Robert Watson, an environmental scientist at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, who is vice-chairman of the IPBES, says that he is confident that the assessment will have an impact. The IPBES has 124 member governments, and its pollinator assessment went through two rounds of external peer review. And just as with the IPCC’s climate reports, the assessment was debated word for word, Watson says. “The fact that all governments requested this document really bodes well that they will use the results,” he says. But Dave Goulson, a bee researcher at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK, says: “I would question whether any practical on-the-ground action to help pollinators will happen as a result of this document. We are in the midst of the sixth global mass-extinction event, and we sit around spending thousands of hours writing documents about biodiversity, but we do not take action to address the fundamental issues that are causing this ecological catastrophe.”

„Wir haben weiß Gott genug Spannungen auf der Welt, weitere brauchen wir nicht“, befand Klaus Töpfer, Exumweltminister und Exumweltdirektor der UNO, bei der Vorstellung der Studie “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement“ in der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften Ende letzter Woche. Töpfer meinte damit die Spannung zwischen der dramatisch sinkenden Qualität der globalen Böden und der zunehmenden Zahl der zu ernährenden Weltbevölkerung. Nach dieser Studie, an der ein internationales Team von dreißig Wissenschaftler und Forscherinnen viereinhalb Jahre gearbeitet hat, bahnt sich eine wortwörtlich bodenlose Katastrophe an. Das Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF) an der Universität Bonn und das International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Washington haben hierfür Satellitenpixel zum Begrünungszustand der Erde mit einer neuartigen Technik ausgewertet und mit zwölf Einzelstudien aus repräsentativen Ländern und Großlebensräumen wie China, Russland, Indien, Argentinien oder Niger ergänzt. Ergebnis: In den letzten dreißig Jahren sind global 33 Prozent des Weidelands, 25 Prozent der Ackerflächen und 23 Prozent der Wälder signifikant degradiert, haben sich also stark verschlechtert. Das macht rund 30 Prozent der globalen Landfläche aus, von der etwa 3,2 Milliarden Menschen abhängig sind. Wahrscheinlich, führt das Wissenschaftsteam im Buch aus, liege die Zahl der Betroffenen sogar noch höher.