Fungicides

Il n’y a, bien sûr, pas de condamnation pécuniaire, mais le coup est rude. Le Tribunal de l’Union européenne a condamné la Commission européenne, mercredi 16 décembre, pour « avoir manqué à [ses] obligations » sur le dossier des perturbateurs endocriniens (PE). En vertu du règlement européen de 2012 sur les biocides, Bruxelles devait publier, au plus tard le 13 décembre 2013, les critères scientifiques permettant de réglementer ces molécules de synthèse agissant sur le système hormonal et présentes dans une variété de produits courants (pesticides, plastifiants, bisphénols, solvants, etc.). Or, constate le Tribunal dans son arrêt, « la Commission n’a pas adopté de tels actes » définissant les PE, en dépit d’« une obligation claire, pré́cise et inconditionnelle de [les] adopter » précisée par la réglementation.

To determine the exposure of native bees to pesticides, bees were collected from an existing research area in northeastern Colorado in both grasslands (2013–2014) and wheat fields (2014). Traps were deployed bi-monthly during the summer at each land cover type and all bees, regardless of species, were composited as whole samples and analyzed for 136 current-use pesticides and degradates. This reconnaissance approach provides a sampling of all species and represents overall pesticide exposure (internal and external). Nineteen pesticides and degradates were detected in 54 composite samples collected. Compounds detected in > 2% of the samples included: insecticides thiamethoxam (46%), bifenthrin (28%), clothianidin (24%), chlorpyrifos (17%), imidacloprid (13%), fipronil desulfinyl (7%; degradate); fungicides azoxystrobin (17%), pyraclostrobin (11%), fluxapyroxad (9%), and propiconazole (9%); herbicides atrazine (19%) and metolachlor (9%). Concentrations ranged from 1 to 310 ng/g for individual pesticides. Pesticides were detected in samples collected from both grasslands and wheat fields.

Das Paradigma von Paracelsus «Dosis sola facit venenum» (nur die Dosis macht das Gift) bildet noch immer die Grundlage für die Beurteilung der Risiken von Chemikalien. Bei der Risikoanalyse geht man davon aus, dass – mit Ausnahme der Genotoxizität – für praktisch alle potenzielle Risiken von chemischen Substanzen Schwellenwerte definiert werden können, unterhalb derer keine toxische Wirkung beobachtet wird. Dieser Ansatz wird unserer Meinung nach als einer der größten Fehler der Toxikologie in die Geschichte eingehen. Denn dabei wird die kumulative Toxizität mancher giftiger Substanzen ungenügend berücksichtigt. Bereits in den 1940er-Jahren kamen der Pharmakologe Hermann Druckrey und der Mathematiker Karl Küpfmüller mit theoretischen Ansätzen zu Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen zum Schluss, dass der Zeitfaktor eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wirkung von toxischen Substanzen spielen kann. Ihr Ausgangspunkt war die heute allgemein akzeptierte Ansicht, dass die pharmakologische oder toxische Wirkung einer Substanz durch die Wechselwirkung mit einem spezifischen Rezeptor entsteht, bzw. durch die Bindung an diese ‹Andockstelle› einer Zelle. Druckrey und Küpfmüller konnten zeigen, dass irreversible Wechselwirkungen – also Bindungen – zu einem Effekt führen, der sowohl von der Dosis als auch von der Zeit abhängig ist.

For Tirso Gonzales, an associate professor at UBC Okanagan, the problems with the western world’s way of farming are clear. Current practices such as monocropping, pesticide use, and only using a select group of plant species are solely profit driven and unsustainable. These practices have largely ignored agricultural knowledge of more than 1.2 billion indigenous people and small farmers around the world, knowledge that will be the topic of discussion when Gonzales attends the second Indigenous Terra Madre (Mother Earth), a world conference on the subject in Shillong, India next week. Running from Nov. 3 to 7, the Terra Madre will see indigenous representatives from around the globe attend, and will include discussions, workshops and solution seeking sessions on how indigenous agricultural knowledge systems can be better used in local communities as well as on the world stage. “The dominant Euro-American view of food production is colonial in nature and has fundamentally ignored and disavowed the sustainable agricultural practices employed by indigenous peoples for thousands of years,” said Gonzales, who teaches Indigenous Studies with UBC Okanagan’s Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences.

L’organisation non-gouvernementale Greenpeace a publié un rapport sur l'impact environnemental des pesticides utilisés par l'agriculture industrielle dans l'Union européenne. Ce rapport compile les données d'environ 250 publications scientifiques. Afin de décrire « l'ampleur de la contamination de notre environnement par les pesticides et ses conséquences dramatiques pour certaines espèces vivantes », l’ING Greenpeace a publié un rapport sur l’impact environnemental des pesticides.

Industrial agriculture, with its heavy use of chemical pesticides, pollutes our water and soil and leads to loss of habitats and biodiversity, according to a Greenpeace report. With almost one in four (24.5%) vulnerable or endangered species in the EU being threatened by agricultural effluents, including the use of pesticides and fertilizers, species survival and crucial ecosystem services, like pollination, are at risk. Political and financial support is urgently needed to shift from chemical-intensive, damaging agricultural methods, to sustainable ecological farming practices. In Europe, a catastrophic decline of insects was signaled by the "IUCN Task Force on Systemic Pesticides" in 2015, after analyzing over 800 scientific reports. The impacts can be devastating, as 70 per cent of the 124 major commodity crops directly used for human consumption like apples and rapeseed are dependent on pollination for enhanced seed, fruit, or vegetable production. Dirk Zimmermann, Ecological Farming Campaigner at Greenpeace Germany said: "Europe's dependency on chemical pesticides is nothing short of an addiction. Crops are routinely doused with a variety of chemicals, usually applied multiple times to single crops throughout the whole growing season. Non-chemical alternatives to pest management are already available to farmers but need the necessary political and financial support to go mainstream."