Vleermuizen

Fledermäuse sind vom Aussterben bedroht

„Quartiere für bedrohte Tiere“ … was wie ein lustiger Kinderreim klingt, hat einen bitterernsten Hintergrund: Die Fledermäuse sind vom Aussterben bedroht, stehen auf der so genannten ‚roten Liste’. Jetzt startet das Naturschutzzentrum in Rees-Bienen mit Unterstützung des Landschaftsverbandes eine Aktion, bei der es um die Dokumentation vorhandener Fledermaus-Quartiere geht. Darüber hinaus veranstaltet das Naturschutzzentrum am Samstag, 30. August im Rahmen der ‚Europäischen Fledermausnacht’ eine tolle Aktion für Familien. Die Zerstörung von Lebensräumen, das Vergiften von Insekten durch Pestizide aber auch Vertreibung durch den Menschen … das sind die wichtigsten Faktoren, die für die Dezimierung der possierlichen, pelzigen Nachtflieger verantwortlich sind.

De ecosystemen die het leven op aarde dragen gaan naar de knoppen door de neonicotinoiden

Vier jaar lang heeft de zogenaamde Task Force on Systemic Pesticides op vraag van de International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) de gevolgen van het gebruik van de nieuwe generatie van pesticiden onderzocht. Die expertengroep bestaande uit een dertigtal wetenschappers uit vijftien landen, heeft ruim achthonderd collegiaal getoetste wetenschappelijke studies doorgenomen en hun conclusies samengebracht in een Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA). Die wereldwijde integrale beoordeling besluit dat de zogenaamde systemische pesticiden niet alleen een ernstig gevaar vormen voor bestuivende insecten, maar ook voor talloze ongewervelde bodemdieren, zoals regenwormen en mijten, en evengoed voor gewervelde dieren zoals vogels.

A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife

Concerns over the role of pesticides affecting vertebrate wildlife populations have recently focussed on systemic products which exert broad-spectrum toxicity. Given that the neonicotinoids have become the fastest-growing class of insecticides globally, we review here 150 studies of their direct (toxic) and indirect (e.g. food chain) effects on vertebrate wildlife—mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. We focus on two neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and clothianidin, and a third insecticide, fipronil, which also acts in the same systemic manner. Imidacloprid and fipronil were found to be toxic to many birds and most fish, respectively. All three insecticides exert sub-lethal effects, ranging from genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, and impaired immune function, to reduced growth and reproductive success, often at concentrations well below those associated with mortality. Use of imidacloprid and clothianidin as seed treatments on some crops poses risks to small birds, and ingestion of even a few treated seeds could cause mortality or reproductive impairment to sensitive bird species. In contrast, environmental concentrations of imidacloprid and clothianidin appear to be at levels below those which will cause mortality to freshwater vertebrates, although sub-lethal effects may occur. Some recorded environmental concentrations of fipronil, however, may be sufficiently high to harm fish. Indirect effects are rarely considered in risk assessment processes and there is a paucity of data, despite the potential to exert population-level effects. Our research revealed two field case studies of indirect effects. In one, reductions in invertebrate prey from both
imidacloprid and fipronil uses led to impaired growth in a fish species, and in another, reductions in populations in two lizard species were linked to effects of fipronil on termite prey. Evidence presented here suggests that the systemic insecticides, neonicotinoids and fipronil, are capable of exerting direct and indirect effects on terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate wildlife, thus warranting further review of their environmental safety.

The disaster I described in 2010 is taking place before our eyes. Crisis in insect biodiversity with knock-on effects for many species

Butterfly Conservation warns that Britain’s biodiversity is under threat following analysis of data from the National Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS), which has collated more than 16 million moth sightings dating back to 1769. The study by Butterfly Conservation, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and University of York, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, is the first to examine long-term trends for all of Britain’s resident larger moth species; common and scarce, nocturnal and day-flying. Trends for 673 species were calculated, 60% of which showed a significant change over the 40-year period. Two thirds more species declined than increased. Moths are a key part of the food chain and act as pollinators for plants. The substantial declines revealed by this study provide further evidence of a wider utterfly Conservation warns that Britain’s biodiversity is under threat following analysis of data from the National Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS), which has collated more than 16 million moth sightings dating back to 1769.

Impacts of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Biodiversity Need Urgent Attention

Neonicotinoid insecticides are a relatively new, but widely-used, class of systemic, water-soluble nerve poisons. They are readily incorporated into all plant cells, as well as pollen and nectar. They act by binding to acetylcholine receptors of plant-feeding insects, inducing depolarization of motor neurons, tetanic contractions, neuromuscular destruction and death. Non-target plant-feeding insect groups (e.g., bees, certain moths and butterflies) exposed to these insecticides are at risk. Declines in these insect groups are well documented, while noting that these declines can be attributed to habitat loss and invasive species as well as to pollution from neonicotinoid insecticides and other agricultural chemicals. In many agricultural areas, populations of animals that rely on plant-feeding insects as food sources (e.g., birds, bats, amphibians, predatory insects) are also declining.

De neonicotinoiden veroorzaken met de uitroeiing van de geleedpotigen een breuk in de voedselketen en vernietigen de 'web of life'

In minder dan 20 jaar zijn de neonicotinoiden wereldwijd uitgegroeid tot de meest gebruikte insecticiden met een marktaandeel van meer dan 25%. Dat deze stoffen ook de meest gevaarlijke insecticiden zijn die ooit op de markt zijn gekomen, begint velen zo langzamerhand te dagen. Neonicotinoiden verontreinigen het milieu overal daar waar ze gebruikt worden, zoals bijvoorbeeld is aangetoond in het Westen van Nederland, op de Southern High Plains van Texas, in de Central Valley van Californië, en op de uitgestrekte Canadese prairies. De stoffen worden maar langzaam afgebroken, en hebben halfwaardetijden die op sommige bodems kunnen oplopen tot bijna 20 jaar, en ze zijn bovendien uitzonderlijk giftig voor geleedpotige dieren, vooral op langere termijn. Zo is een scenario voor een milieu catastrofe ontstaan zoals de Amerikaanse biologe Rachel Carson heeft beschreven in haar boek Silent Spring ('dode lente'). Sinds 2009 verzamelt de toxicoloog Henk Tennekes op deze website gegevens over geleedpotigen (bijen, hommels, vlinders, en vele andere soorten) en dieren die van geleedpotigen afhankelijk zijn (vogels, vissen, amfibieën, reptielen en zoogdieren). Na vijf jaar verzamelen van gegevens maakt de website het overduidelijk dat het bar slecht gaat met deze soorten en ze met uitsterven worden bedreigd. Als niet op korte termijn wordt ingegrepen met een verbod op alle toepassingen van de neonicotinoiden, zal een ineenstorting van het ecosysteem onvermijdelijk worden, waardoor vrijwel alle levensvormen met uitsterven worden bedreigd.

A new fungal infection is killing Quebec’s bats at a fearsome rate and could lead to the disappearance of entire colonies and species in the province if its spread is not checked

White-nose syndrome attacks bats as they hibernate and induces activity that wastes vital energy reserves needed to get them through the winter. The disease gets its name from the white fungus identified as geomyces destructans that grows around the muzzles of infected bats. First detected in Quebec three years ago, white-nose syndrome has now decimated bat colonies around the province and is estimated to have killed 5.7 million bats in eastern North America. There is no known cure for the fungal infection. “It’s one of the fastest declines for a species,” says Anouk Simard, a biologist with Quebec’s Environment Ministry. “In three years a very common species that we never worry about is now so low that it might disappear. It’s very serious.”

White-Nose Syndrome: Small brown bat may soon disappear from New England states

In 2006, New England states started observing a disturbing trend in the local population of bats — a fatal new fungus was killing off thousands of bats across several species lines. Seven years later, more is known about White Nose Syndrome, but the fungus that has decimated local bat populations continuous to vex researchers. And the impact is alarming: the small brown bat, once the most common bat in the Northeast, may not be found regionally within 12 years if the spread of the fungus can’t be contained.

Henk Tennekes urges Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency to conduct a comprehensive review of the environmental impact of neonicotinoid insecticides

I understand that Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency recently announced that it “has determined that current agricultural practices related to the use of neonicotinoid-treated corn and soybean seed are affecting the environment due to impacts on bees and other pollinators” (based on findings in Ontario and Quebec). They are applied as seed dressings on wheat and canola on the prairies, and that PMRA is providing an opportunity for public comment. I would like to urge PMRA to conduct a serious, more comprehensive review of the environmental impact of neonicotinoid insecticides. My reasoning is as follows. Insects are quietly but rapidly disappearing. The great American biologist, E O Wilson, said insects were world-rulers, because they play a central role in maintaining ecosystems and the whole web of life. The recent alarms in Europe and America about the fate of the honey bee – colonies have been crashing in increasing numbers – have started to open people's eyes to insects' importance in a more general way. But it is only the beginning of an understanding, and much more is needed if we are to take the action necessary to preserve our populations of insects and other invertebrates, the creatures without backbones which make up the majority of animal life, including snails, worms and spiders (spiders being arachnids, not insects).

In Chinese hoefijzerneusvleermuizen zijn virussen ontdekt die nauw verwant zijn aan het beruchte SARS-virus

Wetenschappers van het EcoHealth Alliance hebben in samenwerking met internationale onderzoekers de SARS-corona-virussen ontdekt bij de zogeheten Rhinolophus sinicus. De onderzoekers vonden minstens zeven verschillende varianten van het SARS-virus. Het onderzoek doet vermoeden dat Chinese vleermuizen nog meer virussen met zich meedragen die kunnen leiden tot grote epidemieën, zoals de SARS-uitbraak van tien jaar geleden. ‘Nog erger, we weten niet hoe dodelijk de virussen zijn als zo’n uitbraak eenmaal plaatsvindt’, zegt studieleider Daszak (hoofd van EcoHealth Alliance) . ‘Daarom moeten we vleermuisterritoria beschermen tegen invloeden van de mens, zodat zij ongestoord kunnen leven. Maar we moeten ook gezondheidsmaatregelen nemen, zoals het ontwikkelen van vaccins, om de kans op besmetting te verkleinen.’ De resultaten van Daszak en collega’s, die deze week werden gepubliceerd in het tijdschrift Nature, zijn afkomstig uit analyses van monsters die in het afgelopen jaar zijn afgenomen bij de hoefijzerneuzen.